NHOROONDO YEKUSHANDISWA KWETUNGSTEN
Zvakawanikwa mukushandiswa kwetungsten zvinogona kubatanidzwa zvisina kusimba munzvimbo ina: makemikari, simbi uye super alloys, filaments, uye carbides.
1847: Munyu weTungsten unoshandiswa kugadzira donje rine mavara uye kugadzira mbatya dzinoshandiswa pamitambo nezvimwe zvinangwa zvisingatsvi.
1855: Maitiro eBessemer akagadzirwa, zvichibvumira kugadzirwa kwesimbi yakawanda. Panguva imwe chete, simbi dzekutanga dzetungsten dziri kugadzirwa muAustria.
1895: Thomas Edison akaongorora kugona kwezvinhu kupenya kana zvaonekwa paX-rays, uye akawana kuti calcium tungstate ndiyo yainyanya kushanda.
1900: Simbi Inomhanya Zvikuru, musanganiswa wesimbi netungsten, unoratidzwa paWorld Exhibition muParis. Inoramba yakasimba pakupisa kwakanyanya, yakakodzera kushandiswa muzvishandiso nekugadzira michina.
1903: Kushandiswa kwekutanga kwetungsten mumarambi nemagirobhu emagetsi kwakashandisa nzvimbo yayo yekunyunguduka zvakanyanya uye kufambisa magetsi. Dambudziko chete nderipi? Kuedza kwekutanga kwakawana kuti tungsten yakanga isina kusimba zvakanyanya kuti ishandiswe nevanhu vakawanda.
1909: William Coolidge nechikwata chake cheGeneral Electric kuUS vanobudirira mukuwana nzira yekugadzira ductile tungsten filaments kuburikidza nekupisa kwakakodzera uye kushanda kwemuchina.
1911: Maitiro eCoolidge akatanga kutengeswa, uye munguva pfupi mabara etungsten akapararira pasi rese aine waya dzetungsten dzinopfapfaidza.
1913: Kushomeka kwemadhaimani emaindasitiri muGermany panguva yeHondo Yenyika II kwakaita kuti vaongorori vatsvage imwe nzira yekubvisa madhaimani, ayo anoshandiswa kukweva waya.
1914: “Vamwe venyanzvi dzemauto eAllied vaidavira kuti mumwedzi mitanhatu Germany yaizopera mabara. VaAllied vakakurumidza kuona kuti Germany yaiwedzera kugadzira zvombo zvayo uye kwenguva yakati yakanga yadarika simba rezvigadzirwa zveAllied. Kuchinja uku kwakakonzerwa nekushandisa kwayo tungsten simbi inomhanya uye tungsten. Zvakashamisa maBritish, tungsten yakashandiswa, yakawanikwa gare gare, yakabva kuCornish Mines yavo muCornwall.” – Kubva mubhuku raKC Li ra1947 rinonzi “TUNGSTEN”
1923: Kambani yemagetsi yekuGermany yakatumira patent ye tungsten carbide, kana kuti hardmetal. Yakagadzirwa ne "cementing" tungsten monocarbide (WC) grains dzakaoma kwazvo mu binder matrix yesimbi yakasimba ye cobalt kuburikidza ne liquid phase sintering.
Mhedzisiro yacho yakachinja nhoroondo ye tungsten: chinhu chinosanganisa simba guru, kuomarara uye kuomarara kwakanyanya. Kutaura zvazviri, tungsten carbide yakaoma kwazvo, chinhu chega chechisikigo chinogona kukwenya idhaimani. (Carbide ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pa tungsten nhasi.)
Ma1930: Kwakashandiswa zvinhu zvitsva zvetungsten muindasitiri yemafuta pakurapa mafuta asina kucheneswa nemvura.
1940: Kugadzirwa kwesimbi, nickel, uye cobalt-based superalloys kwakatanga, kuti kugutse kudiwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kutsungirira tembiricha dzinoshamisa dzemainjini ejeti.
1942: Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, maGerman ndivo vakatanga kushandisa tungsten carbide core muzvipfuramabwe zvinopinza zvombo zvine simba. Matangi eBritain akange "achinyunguduka" paakarohwa nezvipfuramabwe izvi zvetungsten carbide.
1945: Kutengeswa kwegore negore kwemarambi eincandescent kuri mamiriyoni 795 pagore muUS
Ma1950: Panguva ino, tungsten iri kuwedzerwa muma superalloys kuti ivandudze mashandiro ayo.
Ma1960: Zvinhu zvitsva zvinokonzeresa utsi zvakatanga kushandiswa zvine tungsten compounds kuti zvirape magasi anobuda muutsi muindasitiri yemafuta.
1964: Kuvandudzwa kwekushanda zvakanaka uye kugadzirwa kwemarambi eincandescent kunoderedza mutengo wekupa huwandu hwakatarwa hwechiedza nechikamu chemakumi matatu, zvichienzaniswa nemari yakashandiswa pakuunzwa kwehurongwa hwemwenje hwaEdison.
2000: Panguva iyi, waya dzemarambi dzinosvika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emamita dzinodhonzwa gore rega rega, kureba kwacho kunoenderana nedaro repasi nemwedzi kanenge ka50. Mwenje unotora 4% ne5% yehuwandu hwese hwekugadzirwa kwetungsten.
TUNGSTEN Nhasi
Nhasi, tungsten carbide yakapararira zvikuru, uye mashandisirwo ayo anosanganisira kucheka simbi, kugadzira matanda, mapurasitiki, zvinhu zvinosanganisa simbi, uye zviumbwa zvesimbi zvakapfava, kugadzira simbi isina chip (inopisa uye inotonhora), kugadzira migodhi, kuvaka, kuchera matombo, zvikamu zvechivakwa, zvikamu zvekusakara uye zvikamu zvemauto.
Tungsten steel alloys inoshandiswawo mukugadzira rocket engine nozzles, iyo inofanira kunge iine hunhu hwakanaka hunodzivirira kupisa. Super-alloys ine tungsten inoshandiswa mu turbine blades uye zvikamu uye coatings zvisingapfeki.
Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete, simba remagetsi eincandescent rasvika pakupera mushure memakore 132, sezvo anotanga kudzikira muUS neCanada.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-29-2021
