NHOROONDO YEKUSHANDISA TUNGSTEN
Zvakawanikwa mukushandiswa kwe tungsten zvinogona kubatanidzwa zvakasununguka kuminda ina: makemikari, simbi uye super alloys, filaments, uye carbides.
1847: Tungsten munyu unoshandiswa kugadzira donje rine ruvara uye kugadzira mbatya dzinoshandiswa kumitambo yemitambo nezvimwe zvinangwa zvisingatsvi.
1855: Iyo Bessemer process inogadzirwa, ichibvumira kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwesimbi. Panguva imwecheteyo, yekutanga tungsten simbi iri kugadzirwa muAustria.
1895: Thomas Edison akaongorora kugona kwemidziyo ku fluoresce payakaratidzwa kuX-rays, uye akawana kuti calcium tungstate ndiyo yaive yakanyanya kushanda.
1900: High Speed Simbi, musanganiswa wakakosha wesimbi uye tungsten, inoratidzwa paWorld Exhibition muParis. Inochengetedza kuoma kwayo pakupisa kwepamusoro, yakanakira kushandiswa mumidziyo uye machining.
1903: Filaments mumarambi uye magirobhu ndiyo yekutanga kushandiswa kwe tungsten iyo yakashandisa iyo yakanyanya kunyungudika nzvimbo uye yayo magetsi conductivity. Dambudziko chete? Kuedza kwekutanga kwakawana tungsten kuve yakanyanya brittle kuti ishandiswe zvakanyanya.
1909: William Coolidge nechikwata chake kuGeneral Electric kuUS vakabudirira mukutsvaga nzira inogadzira ductile tungsten filaments kuburikidza neakakodzera kupisa kupisa uye kushanda kwemichina.
1911: Iyo Coolidge Process inotengeswa, uye munguva pfupi magirobhu emwenje etungsten akapararira pasirese akashongedzerwa waya dze ductile tungsten.
1913: Kushomeka kwemadhaimani eindasitiri muGermany panguva yeHondo Yenyika II kunotungamira vaongorori kutsvaga imwe nzira yekufa kwedhaimani, iyo inoshandiswa kudhirowa waya.
1914: “Kwaiva kudavira kwedzimwe nyanzvi dzehondo dzeChikwata Chomubatanidzwa kuti mumwedzi mitanhatu Germany yaizova yapedzwa nezvombo. MaAllies akakurumidza kuona kuti Germany yakanga ichiwedzera kugadzira kwayo zvombo uye kwenguva yakati yakanga yapfuura kubuda kweAllies. Shanduko yacho yaive muchikamu nekuda kwekushandisa kwake tungsten high-speed simbi uye tungsten kucheka maturusi. Kukushamiswa kunorwadza kwavaBritish, tungsten yakashandiswa kudaro, yakazowanwa gare gare, yakabva zvikurukuru kubva kuMigodhi yavo yeCornish muCornwall.” - Kubva mubhuku raKC Li ra1947 "TUNGSTEN"
1923: Kambani yegirobhu yemagetsi yekuGermany inotumira patent ye tungsten carbide, kana hardmetal. Yakagadzirwa ne "cementing" yakaoma kwazvo tungsten monocarbide (WC) tsanga mune binder matrix yesimbi yakaoma cobalt nechikamu chemvura sintering.
Mhedzisiro yakashandura nhoroondo ye tungsten: chinhu chinosanganisa kusimba kwepamusoro, kuomarara uye kuomarara kwakanyanya. Muchokwadi, tungsten carbide yakaoma kwazvo, iyo chete yakasikwa zvinhu inogona kuikwenya idhaimondi. (Carbide ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kushandiswa kwe tungsten nhasi.)
1930s: Zvishandiso zvitsva zvakamuka zve tungsten makomisheni muindasitiri yeoiri ye hydrotreating yemafuta asina kuchena.
1940: Kugadzirwa kwesimbi, nickel, uye cobalt-based superalloys kunotanga, kuzadza kudiwa kwechinhu chinogona kumira kutonhora kunoshamisa kweinjini dzejeti.
1942: Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, maGerman aive ekutanga kushandisa tungsten carbide core mu high velocity armor kubaya projectiles. Matangi eBritish anenge "akanyunguduka" paakarohwa neaya tungsten carbide projectiles.
1945: Kutengeswa kwegore negore kwemarambi e-incandescent mamiriyoni 795 pagore muUnited States
1950s: Parizvino, tungsten iri kuwedzerwa muma superalloys kuvandudza mashandiro avo.
1960s: Zvitsva zvinokonzeresa zvakazvarwa zvine tungsten makomisheni ekurapa kupera simba muindasitiri yemafuta.
1964: Kuvandudzwa kwekushanda uye kugadzirwa kwemarambi e-incandescent kunoderedza mari yekupa huwandu hwakapiwa hwechiedza nechikamu chemakumi matatu, zvichienzaniswa nemari inoshandiswa pakuiswa kweEdison's lighting system.
2000: Panguva ino, tambo dzerambi dzinenge mabhiriyoni 20 dzinodhirowa gore negore, kureba kunoenzana nekanenge ka50 daro repanyika nemwedzi. Kuvheneka kunopedza 4% uye 5% yehuwandu hwekugadzira tungsten.
TUNGSTEN NHASI
Nhasi, tungsten carbide yakapararira zvakanyanya, uye mashandisirwo ayo anosanganisira kucheka simbi, machining ematanda, mapurasitiki, macomposites, uye akapfava ceramics, chipless kuumba (kupisa uye kutonhora), migodhi, kuvaka, kuchera dombo, zvimiro zvemukati, zvipfeko zvekupfeka uye zvikamu zvemauto. .
Tungsten simbi alloys inoshandiswawo mukugadzira rocket injini nozzles, iyo inofanirwa kunge iine yakanaka inodzivirira kupisa. Super-alloys ane tungsten anoshandiswa mu turbine blades uye kusapfeka-inodzivirira zvikamu uye machira.
Nekudaro, panguva imwecheteyo, kutonga kweiyo incandescent girobhu kwakasvika kumagumo mushure memakore 132, sezvavanotanga kubviswa muUS neCanada.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-29-2021
